The background and pro and con arguments were written by ProCon.org staff based upon input from the following sources.
1. | Alan Pyke, "Marijuana's $2.4 Billion Impact in Colorado Is a Lesson for 5 States Considering Legalization," thinkprogress.org, Oct. 28, 2016 |
2. | Troy Antonuci, "The Economics of Legalization," Daily Marijuana Observer, Apr. 6, 2017 |
3 | Lauren Dixon, "How Growing Marijuana Legalization Could Affect the Economy," talenteconomy.io, Dec. 20, 2016 |
4. | RCG Economics and Marijuana Policy Group, "Nevada Adult-Use Marijuana: Economic & Fiscal Benefits Analysis," rcg1.com, July 2016 |
5. | Patrick McGreevy, "Legal Marijuana Could Be a $5-Billion Boon to California's Economy," latimes.com, June 11, 2017 |
6. | University of California Agricultural Issues Center, "Economic Costs and Benefits of Proposed Regulations for the Implementation of the Medical Cannabis Regulation and Safety Act (MCRSA)," dof.ca.gov, Feb. 23, 2017 |
7. | Alicia Wallace, "Report: America's Marijuana Industry Headed for $24 Billion by 2025," thecannabist.co, Feb. 22, 2017 |
8. | Jay Barmann, "80 Percent of Medical Marijuana Tested at Recent NorCal Conference Is Tainted with Mold, Other Toxins," sfist.com, Aug. 31, 2017 |
9. | Lisa M. Krieger, "A Flower's Long Journey: How Legal Weed Goes from Seed to Sale," thecannabist.co, June 20, 2017 |
10. | American Public Health Association (APHA), "Regulating Commercially Legalized Marijuana as a Public Health Priority," Nov. 18, 2014 |
11. | Washington State Legislature, "WAC 314-55-105: Packaging and Labeling Requirements," apps.leg.wa.gov (accessed Jan. 8, 2018) |
12. | George Sam Wang, et al., "Unintentional Pediatric Exposures to Marijuana in Colorado, 2009-2015," JAMA Pediatrics, Sep. 6, 2016 |
13. | Bureau of Cannabis Control, "Medicinal and Adult-Use Cannabis Regulation," bcc.ca.gov (accessed Jan. 8, 2017) |
14. | Brooke Staggs, "Here Are the Rules for Legal Marijuana in California Once Law Goes into Effect Jan. 1," ocregister.com, Nov. 16, 2017 |
15. | Marijuana Policy Group, "The Economic Impact of Marijuana Legalization in Colorado," mjpolicygroup.com, Oct. 2016 |
16. | Christopher Ingraham, "The Marijuana Industry Created More Than 18,000 New Jobs in Colorado Last Year," washingtonpost.com, Oct. 27, 2016 |
17. | United States Border Patrol, "Sector Profile - Fiscal Year 2015 (Oct. 1st through Sept. 30th)," cbp.gov (accessed Jan. 8, 2018) |
18. | Christopher Ingraham, "Legal Marijuana Is Finally Doing What the Drug War Couldn't," washingtonpost.com, Mar. 3, 2016 |
19. | John Burnett, "Legal Pot in the U.S. May Be Undercutting Mexican Marijuana," npr.org, Dec. 1, 2014 |
20. | Earl Blumenauer, "The Path Forward: Rethinking Federal Policy on Marijuana,"blumenauer.house.gov, 2017-2018 |
21. | American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), "The War on Marijuana in Black and White," aclu.org, June 2013 |
22. | Christopher Ingraham, "Justin Trudeau May Have Made the Best Case for Legal Pot Ever," washingtonpost.com, June 10, 2016 |
23. | Michele Baggio, Alberto Chong, and Sungoh Kwon, "Helping Settle the Marijuana and Alcohol Debate: Evidence from Scanner Data," ssrn.com, Dec. 11, 2017 |
24. | Jesse Wegman, "The Injustice of Marijuana Arrests," nytimes.com, July 28, 2014 |
25. | Drug Policy Alliance, "Drug War Statistics," drugpolicy.org (accessed Jan. 8, 2018) |
26. | American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), "California: Marijuana Infractions Unfairly Enforced Against People of Color," aclunc.org, May 31, 2016 |
27. | Brendan Cheney, "For Non-White New Yorkers, Marijuana Arrests More Often Lead to Conviction," politico.com, May 9, 2017 |
28. | German Lopez, "Everyone Does Drugs, but Only Minorities Are Punished for It," vox.com, July 1, 2014 |
29. | D. Mark Anderson and Daniel I. Rees, "The Legalization of Recreational Marijuana: How Likely Is the Worst-Case Scenario?," ist.psu.edu (accessed Jan. 8, 2018) |
30. | University of California, Irvine, The Paul Merage School of Business, "Closing Medical Marijuana Dispensaries Increases Crime, According to New Study," sciencedaily.com, July 11, 2017 |
31. | Melissa Santos, "What Actually Happened to Violent Crime after Washington Legalized Marijuana," thenewstribune.com, July 26, 2017 |
32. | National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, "Alcohol, Drugs and Crime," ncadd.org, June 27, 2015 |
33. | Jonathan P. Caulkins, Beau Kilmer, and Mark A.R. Kleiman, Marijuana Legalization: What Everyone Needs to Know, 2016 |
34. | US Department of Justice, "Violence between Intimates: Domestic Violence," bjs.gov, Nov. 1994 |
35. | Ruth Graham, "Is Marijuana Good for Public Health?," daily.jstor.org, Oct. 8, 2014 |
36. | D. Mark Anderson, et al., "Medical Marijuana Laws, Traffic Fatalities, and Alcohol Consumption," dmarkanderson.com, Oct. 2012 |
37. | Alejandro Azofeifa, et al., "National Estimates of Marijuana Use and Related Indicators - National Survey on Drug Use and Health, United States, 2002–2014," cdc.gov, Sep. 2, 2016 |
38. | Jim Dryden, "As More States Legalize Marijuana, Adolescents' Problems with Pot Decline," wustl.edu, May 24, 2016 |
39. | Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, "National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Comparison of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 Population Percentages," samhsa.gov (accessed Jan. 8, 2018) |
40. | Christopher Ingraham, "After Legalization, Teen Marijuana Use Drops Sharply in Colorado," washingtonpost.com, Dec. 21, 2016 |
41. | Justin Gardner, "CDC Study Shows Pot Legalization Dramatically Decreases Drug Use," mintpressnews.com, Sep. 8, 2016 |
42. | Marijuana Policy Project, "Teen Marijuana Use Does Not Increase Following Marijuana Policy Reforms," mpp.org (accessed Feb. 5, 2018) |
43. | MaristPoll, "Yahoo News/Marist Poll: Weed & The American Family," marist.edu, Apr. 17, 2017 |
44. | David L. Nathan, "Why Marijuana Should Be Legal for Adults," cnn.com, Jan. 9, 2013 |
45. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Alcohol Poisoning Deaths," cdc.gov, Jan. 2015 |
46. | Drug Enforcement Administration, "Drug Fact Sheet: Marijuana," dea.gov (accessed Jan. 8, 2018) |
47. | Nick Wing, "No, We Didn't Just See the First Marijuana Overdose Death," huffingtonpost.com, Nov. 17, 2017 |
48. | David Nutt, Leslie King, and Lawrence Phillips, "Drug Harms in the UK: A Multicriteria Decision Analysis," The Lancet, Nov. 1, 2010 |
49. | Drug Policy Alliance, "So Far, So Good What We Know about Marijuana Legalization in Colorado, Washington, Alaska, Oregon and Washington, D.C.," drugpolicy.org, 2016 |
50. | Debra Borchardt, "$1 Billion in Marijuana Taxes Is Addictive to State Governors," forbes.com, Apr. 11, 2017 |
51. | Larson Silbaugh, "Distribution of Marijuana Tax Revenue," colorado.gov, July 2016 |
52. | Jennifer Calfas, "How Colorado's Booming Marijuana Industry Is Helping Fight Homelessness and Drug Addiction," time.com, June 1, 2017 |
53. | CBS News, "Tax Revenue from Colorado Pot Helps Fund Community Projects, Scholarships," cbsnews.com, Apr. 20, 2017 |
54. | Bruce Barcott and Gage Peake, "Part 2, How Many Jobs Depend on Legal Cannabis?," leafly.com, Jan. 5, 2017 |
55. | Debra Borchardt, "Marijuana Industry Projected to Create More Jobs Than Manufacturing by 2020," forbes.com, Feb. 22, 2017 |
56. | New Frontier Data, "The Cannabis Industry Annual Report: 2017 Legal Marijuana Outlook," newfrontierdata.com, 2017 |
57. | Melia Robinson, "Legal Marijuana Could Overtake Manufacturing in Job Creation by 2020," businessinsider.com, Mar. 3, 2017 |
58. | United States Department of Labor, "Projections of Industry Employment, 2014–24," bls.gov, Dec. 2015 |
59. | Daniel Wheaton, "Legal Weed Could Generate More Than 100,000 Jobs," sandiegotribune.com, Nov. 1, 2016 |
60. | Jeffrey A. Miron, "The Budgetary Implications of Drug Prohibition," harvard.edu, Feb. 2010 |
61. | David G. Evans, "The Economic Impacts of Marijuana Legalization," wrlc.org, Dec. 30, 2013 |
62. | Stephen Downing, "Drug War: What Prohibition Costs Us [Blowback]," latimes.com, Oct. 6, 2011 |
63. | Katherine Beckett and Steve Herbert, "The Consequences and Costs of Marijuana Prohibition," washington.edu (accessed Jan. 8, 2018) |
64. | American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), "Court Filings for Adult Marijuana Possession Plummet," aclu-wa.org, Mar. 19, 2014 |
65. | Ronnie Cohen, "After States Legalized Medical Marijuana, Traffic Deaths Fell," reuters.com, Dec. 28, 2016 |
66. | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, "Cannabis/Marijuana (Delta 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol, THC)," nhtsa.gov (accessed via web.archive.org, Jan. 8, 2018) |
67. | Justin McCarthy, "Record-High Support for Legalizing Marijuana Use in U.S.," gallup.com, Oct. 25, 2017 |
68. | Jennifer De Pinto, et al., "Marijuana Legalization Support at All-Time High," cbsnews.com, Apr. 20, 2017 |
69. | Christopher Ingraham, "How Many Americans Regularly Use Pot? The Number Is, Errr, Higher Than You Think," sacbee.com, Apr. 20, 2017 |
70. | Drew Desilver, "Feds May Be Rethinking the Drug War, but States Have Been Leading the Way," pewresearch.org, Apr. 2, 2014 |
71. | Brian Heuberger, "Despite Claims, Data Show Legalized Marijuana Has Not Increased Crime Rates," coloradopolitics.com, Mar. 22, 2017 |
72. | David Boaz, "Drug Legalization and the Right to Control Your Body," cato.org, Oct. 25, 2007 |
73. | Josh Hamilton, "The Economic and Social Benefits of Taxing Marijuana," medium.com, Sep. 26, 2017 |
74. | NORML, "Marijuana and Psychomotor Impairment," norml.org (accessed Feb. 5, 2018) |
75. | Desirae Hoover, "4 Reasons Why Legalizing Marijuana Could Be the Solution to America's Problems," huffingtonpost.com, Sep. 6, 201 |
76. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Drowning — United States, 2005–2009," cdc.gov, May 18, 2012 |
77. | Alex Suskind, "Cory Booker Explains Why He's Making Legal Weed His Signature Issue," vice.com, Oct. 17, 2017 |
78. | Rocky Mountain High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area, "The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact," rmhidta.org, Sep. 2016 |
79. | National Public Radio (NPR), "Brain Maturity Extends Well Beyond Teen Years," npr.org, Oct. 10, 2011 |
80. | University of Rochester Medical Center, "Understanding the Teen Brain," urmc.rochester.edu (accessed Jan. 8, 2018) |
81. | Olivier Marie and Ulf Zolitz, "'High' Achievers? Cannabis Access and Academic Performance," cep.lse.ac.uk, Mar. 2015 |
82. | Christopher Ingraham, "More People Were Arrested Last Year over Pot Than for Murder, Rape, Aggravated Assault and Robbery — Combined," washingtonpost.com, Sep. 26, 2017 |
83. | Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute, "Legalizing Recreational Marijuana Is Linked to Increased Crashes," iihs.org, June 22, 2017 |
84. | Christopher Ingraham, "What Marijuana Legalization Did to Car Accident Rates," washingtonpost.com, June 26, 2017 |
85. | Gaby Galvin, "Study: Legal Pot Linked to Increase in Auto Collisions," usnews.com, June 22, 2017 |
86. | David Migoya, "Exclusive: Traffic Fatalities Linked to Marijuana Are up Sharply in Colorado. Is Legalization to Blame?," denverpost.com, Aug. 25, 2017 |
87. | Noelle Crombie, "Legal Pot in Oregon: One Year Later," oregonlive.com, Feb. 23, 2017 |
88. | Katy Steinmetz, "420 Day: Why There Are So Many Different Names for Weed," time.com, Apr. 20, 2017 |
89. | Oxford English Dictionary, "Marijuana," oed.com (accessed Jan. 28, 2018) |
90. | Lily Rothmans, "Here's What People Called Pot in the 1940s," time.com, Apr. 20, 2015 |
91. | National Institute on Drug Abuse, "Is Marijuana Addictive?," drugabuse.gov, Dec. 2017 |
92. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "All Injuries," cdc.gov, May 3, 2017 |
93. | Steve Bloom, "Dr. Drew on Pot: 'It's Extremely Addictive... for Some People'," celebstoner.com, Sep. 20, 2014 |
94. | American Society of Addiction Medicine, "Public Policy Statement on Marijuana, Cannabinoids and Legalization," asam.org (accessed Jan. 8, 2018) |
95. | National Institutes of Health, "Marijuana Withdrawal Is Real," drugabuse.gov, Apr. 2, 2015 |
96. | Udo Bonnet and Ulrich W. Preuss, "The Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome: Current Insights," ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Apr. 27, 2017 |
97. | Norman S. Miller, et al., "Marijuana Addictive Disorders and DSM-5 Substance-Related Disorders," omicsonline.org, Jan. 16, 2017 |
98. | Steven S. Davenport and Jonathan P. Caulkins, "Evolution of the United States Marijuana Market in the Decade of Liberalization Before Full Legalization," Journal of Drug Issues, Aug. 2, 2016 |
99. | Robert Deitch, Hemp: American History Revisited: The Plant with a Divided History, 2003 |
100. | John Ingold, "Kids' Emergency Room Visits for Marijuana Increased in Colorado after Legalization, Study Finds," denverpost.com, Oct. 2, 2016 |
101. | Gillian Mohney, "Colorado Marijuana Report Reveals Increase in Hospital Visits after Legalization," abcnews.go.com, Apr. 19, 2016 |
102. | Colorado Department of Public Safety, "Marijuana Legalization in Colorado: Early Findings," state.co.us, Mar. 2016 |
103. | University of Washington, "Factors That Might Attract Children to Marijuana Edibles," sciencedaily.com, Aug. 25, 2016 |
104. | Abby Phillip, "More and More Little Kids Are Finding Mom and Dad's (Legal) Marijuana Stash," washingtonpost.com, June 9, 2015 |
105. | Robert J. MacCoun and Michelle M. Mello, "Half-Baked - The Retail Promotion of Marijuana Edibles," nejm.org, Mar. 12, 2015 |
106. | Madeline H. Meier, et al., "Persistent Cannabis Users Show Neuropsychological Decline from Childhood to Midlife," pnas.org, Oct. 2, 2012 |
107. | Northwestern University, "Casual Marijuana Use Linked to Brain Abnormalities in Students," medicalxpress.com, Apr. 15, 2014 |
108. | Yvette Brazier, "Marijuana Use and Schizophrenia: New Evidence Suggests Link," medicalnewstoday.com, Dec. 26, 2016 |
109. | National Institute on Drug Abuse, "Is There a Link between Marijuana Use and Psychiatric Disorders?," drugabuse.gov, Dec. 2017 |
110. | Jodi M. Gilman, et al., "Cannabis Use Is Quantitatively Associated with Nucleus Accumbens and Amygdala Abnormalities in Young Adult Recreational Users," discoverccs.org, Apr. 16, 2014 |
111. | Randye Hoder, "Recreational Pot Use Harmful to Young People's Brains," time.com, Apr. 15, 2014 |
112. | Andrew Johns, "Substance Misuse Papers: Psychiatric Effects of Cannabis," bjp.rcpsych.org, Feb. 2001 |
113. | H. Thomas, "A Community Survey of Adverse Effects of Cannabis Use," ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Nov. 1996 |
114. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Health Effects," cdc.gov, Jan. 26, 2017 |
115. | Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, "Respiratory Effects of Marijuana," adai.uw.edu (accessed Jan. 9, 2018) |
116. | Reuters, "Cannabis Bigger Cancer Risk Than Cigarettes: Study," reuters.com, Jan. 29, 2008 |
117. | National Institute on Drug Abuse, "What Is Marijuana?," drugabuse.gov, Aug. 2017 |
118. | R.N. Bloor, "Ammonia Release from Heated 'Street' Cannabis Leaf and Its Potential Toxic Effects on Cannabis Users," ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Oct. 2008 |
119. | David Smith, et al., "Release of Toxic Ammonia and Volatile Organic Compounds by Heated Cannabis and Their Relation to Tetrahydrocannabinol Content," pubs.rsc.org, 2015 |
120. | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, "FAQs: Marijuana and Methods of Use," colorado.gov (accessed Jan. 9, 2018) |
121. | Bernard Segal, Perspectives on Drug Use in the United States, 1986 |
122. | Paul L. Bittner, "Workplace Impacts of Marijuana Legalization," assurexglobal.com (accessed Jan. 9, 2018) |
123. | Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Hemp," britannica.com (accessed Feb. 4, 2018) |
124. | Sean Whaley, "More Incidents of Workplace Pot Use Reported after Legalization in Colorado, Experts Say," reviewjournal.com, June 10, 2016 |
125. | National Families in Action, "What Will Legal Marijuana Cost Employers?," nationalfamilies.org (accessed Jan. 9, 2018) |
126. | Robert Steinbrook, "Study Finds Drug Test Value Exaggerated," latimes.com, Nov. 28, 1990 |
127. | Genevra Pittman, "For Optimal Work Commitment, Skip the Pot?," reuters.com, Feb. 23, 2012 |
128. | Ellen E. Bouchery, et al., "Economic Costs of Excessive Alcohol Consumption in the U.S., 2006," ajpmonline.org, June 2011 |
129. | Kurt Isaacson, "Legalizing Recreational Marijuana Is Bad for Public Health," statnews.com, Nov. 2, 2016 |
130. | Marty Nemko, "Legalize Pot? You Must Be High," time.com, Nov. 7, 2014 |
131. | Office of National Drug Control Policy, "The Public Health Consequences of Marijuana Legalization," whitehouse.gov (accessed via web.archive.org, Jan. 9, 2018) |
132. | Christopher Ingraham, "Here's How Legal Pot Changed Colorado and Washington," washingtonpost.com, Oct. 13, 2016 |
133. | Pew Research Center, "In Debate over Legalizing Marijuana, Disagreement over Drug's Dangers," people-press.org, Apr. 14, 2015 |
134. | Smart Approaches to Marijuana, "Lessons Learned after 4 Years of Marijuana Legalization," learnaboutsam.org, Oct. 2016 |
135. | Keegan Hamilton, "How America's Legal Weed Is Changing the Black Market and Influencing Mexican Cartels," vice.com, Aug. 25, 2015 |
136. | International Narcotics Control Board, "Report 2016," incb.org, Mar. 2, 2017 |
137. | Transnational Institute, "The UN Drug Control Conventions: A Primer," tni.org, Oct. 8, 2015 |
138. | Jonathan Rauch, "Marijuana Legalization Poses a Dilemma for International Drug Treaties," brookings.edu, Oct. 16, 2014 |
139. | Wells Bennett and John Walsh, "Marijuana Legalization Is an Opportunity to Modernize International Drug Treaties," brookings.edu, Oct. 2014 |
140. | James Wilt, "Growing Weed Is Pretty Bad for the Environment," vice.com, Apr. 18, 2017 |
141. | Melanie Sevcenko, "Pot Is Power Hungry: Why the Marijuana Industry's Energy Footprint Is Growing," theguardian.com, Feb. 27, 2016 |
142. | Laura Seaman, "Marijuana's Environmental Impacts," woods.stanford.edu, July 10, 2015 |
143. | Jonathan P. Caulkins, Beau Kilmer, Mark A. R. Kleiman, Robert J. MacCoun, Greg Midgette, Pat Oglesby, Rosalie Liccardo Paula, and Peter H. Reuter, "Considering Marijuana Legalization: Insights for Vermont and Other Jurisdictions," rand.org, 2015 |
144. | Ithaca College, "Marijuana's Hidden Price: Environmental Impact," sciencedaily.com, Oct. 19, 2016 |
145. | Craig M. Thompson, et al., "An Ever-Changing Ecological Battlefield," iercecology.org, May/June 2017 |
146. | Niraj Chokshi, "Q&A: Mark Kleiman, UCLA Expert on the Legalization of Marijuana," ucla.edu, July 8, 2014 |
147. | Mark A.R. Kleiman, "We're Legalizing Weed Wrong," slate.com, Nov. 7, 2016 |
148. | Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, "Regulating Medical Marijuana Markets," rand.org, Jan. 25, 2017 |
149. | Sam Fulwood III and Henry Weinstein, "'Joe Camel' Ads Illegally Target Youths, FTC Says," latimes.com, May 29, 1997 |
150. | Christopher Ingraham and Tauhid Chappell, "Vermont Just Became the 9th State to Legalize Marijuana. Here's What Makes It Different.," washingtonpost.com, Jan. 22, 2018 |
151. | American Medical Association, "AMA Resident and Fellow Section: 40th Interim Meeting Assembly Meeting Handbook," ama-assn.org, Nov. 10-12, 2016 |
152. | American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, "AACAP Releases Updated Policy Statement on Marijuana Legalization," aacap.org, Oct. 10, 2017 |
153. | American Academy of Pediatrics, "Marijuana Legalization," aap.org, July 2017 |
154. | Smart Approaches to Marijuana, "Marijuana - Public Health Organizations Position on 'Medical' Marijuana," learnaboutsam.org (accessed Jan. 9, 2018) |
155. | Tobias Coughlin-Bogue, "The Word 'Marijuana' Versus the Word 'Cannabis,'" the stranger.com, Apr. 13, 2016 |
156. | American Academy of Pediatrics, "The Impact of Marijuana Policies on Youth: Clinical, Research, and Legal Update," pediatrics.aappublications.org, Mar. 2015 |
157. | American Medical Association House of Delegates, "Clinical Implications and Policy Considerations of Cannabis Use," assets.ama-assn.org (accessed Jan. 9, 2018) |
158. | Patrick McGreevy, "A Proposition to Legalize Pot Raises DUI Concerns: 'We Are Going to Start Losing Folks in Astronomical Numbers,'" latimes.com, Oct. 18, 2016 |
159. | Tamra Johnson, "Fatal Road Crashes Involving Marijuana Double after State Legalizes Drug," newsroom.aaa.com, May 2016 |
160. | Kevin Sabet, "Colorado's Troubles with Pot," cnn.com, Oct. 31, 2014 |
161. | Andrew A. Monte, Richard D. Zane, and Kennon J. Heard, "The Implications of Marijuana Legalization in Colorado," JAMA, Jan. 2015 |
162. | Harvard Health Publishing, "Marijuana and Heart Health: What You Need to Know," health.harvard.edu, Aug. 2017 |
163. | Allison Tierney, "Halifax Councillor Calls out 'Marijuana' as a Racist Term," vice.com, Oct. 25, 2017 |
164. | British Lung Foundation, "A Smoking Gun," lunguk.org, Nov. 2002 |
165. | Laura Nott, "Even Casual Marijuana Use Harms Young Brain, Study Finds," elementsbehavioralhealth.com, Apr. 17, 2014 |
166. | Christopher Bergland, "Does Long-Term Cannabis Use Stifle Motivation?," psychologytoday.com, July 2, 2013 |
167. | Walter Makaula, "Heads Up: That Candy Treat May Be a Marijuana Edible," kcra.com, Oct. 28, 2017 |
168. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Fact Sheets - Alcohol Use and Your Health," cdc.gov, Jan. 3, 2018 |
169. | Martin A. Lee, Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific, 2013 |
170. | Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research, "American Attitudes toward Substance Use in the United States," apnorc.org, Feb. 2016 |
171. | Kay Lazar, "Boston, Colo. Officials Talk Marijuana Worries," bostonglobe.com, Nov. 17, 2016 |
172. | Tax Policy Center, Briefing Book, taxpolicycenter.org (accessed Jan. 12, 2018) |
173. | Patrick McGreevy, "High Taxes on Legal Pot in California Could Mean Black Market Will Thrive," latimes.com, Oct. 30, 2017 |
174. | Gazette Op/Ed, "Special Report, 'Clearing the Haze:' Black Market Is Thriving in Colorado," gazette.com, Mar. 20, 2015 |
175. | Carolina Moreno, "Legislators: The Term ‘Marijuana’ Has Long Been Used to Discriminate against Latinos," huffingtonpost.com, Aug. 10, 2017 |
176. | Don Fitch, "Why Do They Call It 'Adult Use?' And Why You Should Too," marijuanapolitics.com, Apr. 4, 2015 |
177. | Emily Dufton, Grass Roots: The Rise and Fall and Rise of Marijuana in America, 2017 |
178. | Margaret J. Goldstein, Legalizing Marijuana, 2017 |
179. | Patricia D. Netzley, Is Legalized Marijuana Good for Society?, 2015 |
180. | Mark Berman, "How Public Opinion on Marijuana Has Changed over the Last Half-Century," washingtonpost.com, Feb. 24, 2015 |
181. | Mark A.R. Kleiman, "We’re Legalizing Weed Wrong," slate.com, Nov. 7, 2016 |
182. | Mount Vernon, "George Washington Grew Hemp," mountvernon.org (accessed Jan. 20, 2018) |
183. | Thomas Jefferson Foundation, "Spurious Quotations," Monticello.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
184. | Frontline, "A Social History of America’s Most Popular Drugs," pbs.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
185. | History, "Mexican Revolution," history.com (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
186. | History, "Marijuana," history.com (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
187. | James Lincoln Collier, Louis Armstrong: An American Genius, 1983 |
188. | ABC News, "Tapes Show Louis Armstrong's Anger," abcnews.com (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
189. | Goal Das, "Cocaine Abuse in North America: A Milestone in History," Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Apr. 1993 |
190. | Ronald F. Becker, Criminal Investigation, 2008 |
191. | Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906, fda.gov, June 22, 1934 |
192. | History, "War on Drugs," history.com (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
193. | Cydney Adams, "The Man behind the Marijuana Ban for All the Wrong Reasons,” Nov. 17, 2016 |
194. | Frontline, "Busted: America's War on Marijuana: Historical Timeline," pbs.org, Apr. 1998 |
195. | Kyle Schmidlin, "'War on Drugs' Merely Fights the Symptoms of a Faulty System," cbsnews.com, Sep. 13, 2008 |
196. | Kevin P. Hill, Marijuana: The Unbiased Truth about the World's Most Popular Weed, 2015 |
197. | Martin A. Lee, "BOOK EXCERPT: The Origins of Reefer Madness," fair.org, Feb. 2013 |
198. | David McDonald, "The Racist Roots of Marijuana Prohibition," fee.org, Apr. 11, 2017 |
199. | USLegal, "Marijuana Tax Act Law and Legal Definition," definitions.uslegal.com (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
200. | United States Congress Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency, "Marijuana Decriminalization: Hearing Before the Subcommittee to Investigate Juvenile Delinquency of the Committee on the Judiciary," US Government Printing Office, 1975 |
201. | Kayla Morgan, Legalizing Marijuana, 2010 |
202. | Mitch Earleywine, Understanding Marijuana: A New Look at the Scientific Evidence, 2002 |
203. | Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, drug library.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
204. | US Customs and Border Protection, "Did You Know... Marijuana Was Once a Legal Cross-Border Import?," cbp.gov, Oct. 6, 2015 |
205. | NORML, "The First Pot POW," normal.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
206. | Drug Policy Alliance, "Marijuana and Drug Policy Reform in New York: 70 Years after the LaGuardia Committee Report," drug policy.org, 2014 |
207. | Julie Netherland, "70 Years after the LaGuardia Commission Report on Marijuana: A Symposium on How NY Can Do Better," Apr. 30, 2014 |
208. | New York Academy of Medicine, "The LaGuardia Report - Sociological Study Conclusions," druglibrary.org, 1944 |
209. | Bruce Barcott, Weed the People: The Future of Legal Marijuana in America, 2015 |
210. | New York Academy of Medicine, "The LaGuardia Report: Exploration of a Chronic Issue in American Drug Policy," nyamcenterforhistory.org, May 8, 2014 |
211. | Mark Hay, "Marijuana's Early History in the United States," vice.com, Mar. 30, 2015 |
212. | FindLaw, "The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs," criminal.findlaw.com (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
213. | Drug Enforcement Administration, "Drug Schedules,” dea.gov (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
214. | Amy Nordrum, "Why Is Marijuana A Schedule I Drug?," ibtimes.com, Feb. 19, 2015 |
215. | William A. Galston and E.J. Dionne Jr., "The New Politics of Marijuana Legalization: Why Opinion Is Changing," brookings.edu, May 2013 |
216. | German Lopez, "The Spread of Marijuana Legalalization, Explained," vox.com, Jan. 22, 2018 |
217. | NORML, "Introduction," norml.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
218. | Marijuana Policy Project, "Decriminalization," mpp.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
219. | Jenny Gesley, "Decriminalization of Narcotics: Netherlands," loc.gov, July 28, 2016 |
220. | Timeline, "Watch: Ronald Reagan and His 'War on Drugs,'" timeline.com, June 26, 2017 |
221. | Parenting is Prevention, "Background of the Parent Movement," parentingisprevention.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
222. | Emily Dufton, "Former Anti-drug Activists Reflect on Marijuana Legalization," washingtonpost.com, Apr. 17, 2015 |
223. | Eric Schlosser, "Marijuana and the Law," The Atlantic, Sep. 1994 |
224. | National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse & Raymond P. Shafer, Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding, 1972 |
225. | Bruce Meland, There Was Marijuana in the Garden of Eden!: An Exposé on Marijuana and Hemp, 2015 |
226. | Richard M. Nixon, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard M. Nixon, 1972 |
227. | Ryan S. King and Marc Mauer, "The War on Marijuana: The Transformation of the War on Drugs in the 1990s," sentencingproject.com, May 2005 |
228. | Ballotpedia, "Colorado Marijuana Legalization Initiative, Amendment 64 (2012)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
229. | Ballotpedia, "Washington Marijuana Legalization and Regulation, Initiative 502 (2012)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
230. | Ballotpedia, "Oregon Cannabis Tax Act Initiative, Measure 80 (2012)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
231. | Ballotpedia, "California Proposition 19, the Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2010)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
232. | John H. Richardson, "Introducing the Great Marijuana Prohibitionists of 2012," esquire.com, Nov. 2, 2012 |
233. | Michael Martinez, "Colorado's Recreational Marijuana Stores Make History," cnn.com, Jan. 1, 2014 |
234. | Department of Justice, "Justice Department Announces Update to Marijuana Enforcement Policy," justice.gov, Aug. 29, 2013 |
235. | Ballotpedia, "Washington D.C. Marijuana Legalization, Initiative 71 (November 2014)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
236. | Ballotpedia, "Oregon Legalized Marijuana Initiative, Measure 91 (2014)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
237. | Ballotpedia, "Alaska Marijuana Legalization, Ballot Measure 2 (2014)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
238. | German Lopez, "Marijuana Legalization Won in Alaska, DC, and Oregon, But When Can You Smoke Pot Legally?," vox.com, Nov. 5, 2014 |
239. | Ballotpedia, "California Proposition 64, Marijuana Legalization (2016)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
240. | Ballotpedia, "Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization, Question 4 (2016)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
241. | Ballotpedia, "Maine Marijuana Legalization, Question 1 (2016)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
242. | Ballotpedia, "Nevada Marijuana Legalization, Question 2 (2016)," ballotpedia.org (accessed Feb. 7, 2018) |
243. | Katie Zezima, "Vermont Is the First State to Legalize Marijuana through Legislature," washingtonpost.com, Jan. 24, 2018 |
244. | Reid Wilson, "Vermont Governor Signs Marijuana Legalization Bill," the hill.com, Jan. 22, 2018 |
245. | Andrea Durrheim, "The Botanical Classification of Cannabis," enecta.com, Oct. 7, 2016 |
246. | Richard Glen Boire and Kevin Feeney, Medical Marijuana Law, 2007 |
247. | Elizabeth Warren and Cory Gardner, "The STATES Act: Senator Elizabeth Warren and Senator Cory Gardner," warren.senate.gov (accessed June 12, 2018) |
248. | Dennis Romero, "Trump Says He'll Probably Back Marijuana Protections Bill," nbcnews.com, June 8, 2018 |
249. | Justin McCarthy, "Two in Three Americans Now Support Legalizing Marijuana," gallup.com, Oct. 22, 2018 |
250. | Government of Canada, "What You Need to Know about Cannabis," canada.ca (accessed Oct. 26, 2018) |
251. | Associated Press, "Canada Now World's Largest Legal Marijuana Marketplace," nbcnews.com, Oct. 17, 2017 |
252. | Highway Loss Data Institute, "Crashes Are up in States with Retail Sales," iihs.org, Oct. 18, 2018 |
253. | Max A. Cherney, "Hemp Is Now Legal in the U.S., So What Does That Mean for Pot Companies?," marketwatch.com, Dec. 23, 2018 |
254. | RAND Office of Media Relations, "Adolescent Marijuana Use Fell After Legalization in Washington; Study Highlights Need to Use Better Data to Follow Youth Use Trends," rand.org, Dec. 19, 2018 |
255. | National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, "Nearly 100 Conclusions on the Health Effects of Marijuana and Cannabis-Derived Products Presented in New Report; One of the Most Comprehensive Studies of Recent Research on Health Effects of Recreational and Therapeutic Use of Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products," nationalacademies.org, Jan. 12, 2017 |
256. | Ryan Bort, "Every Single Weed Initiative Passed on Election Day," rollingstone.com, Nov. 4, 2020 |
257. | Catie Edmondson, "House Passes Landmark Bill Decriminalizing Marijuana," nytimes.com, Dec. 4, 2020 |
258. | Dan Bilefsky, “Legalizing Recreational Marijuana, Canada Begins a National Experiment,” nytimes.com, Oct. 17, 2018 |
259. | Jason Lemon, “Georgia Becomes First Former Soviet Country to Legalize Marijuana Consumption,” newsweek.com, July 31, 2018 |
260. | Lauren Melnick, “Everything to Know about Cannabis in South Africa,” matadornetwork.com, Apr. 1, 2020 |
261. | WeedMaps.com, “Uruguay,” weedmaps.com, July 19, 2021 |
262. | BBC, “Australian Capital Territory Legalises Personal Cannabis Use,” bbc.com, Sep. 25, 2019 |
263. | BBC, “Mexico Marijuana: Top Court Decriminalises Recreational Use of Cannabis,” bbc.com, June 29, 2021 |
264. | Eleanor Pickston and Rob Picheta, “Luxembourg to Become First Country in Europe to Legalize Cannabis,” cnn.com, Oct. 22, 2021 |
265. | AP, "South Dakota's Supreme Court Rules against Legalization of Recreational Marijuana," npr.org, Nov. 24, 2021 |
266. | Emma Bubola, "Malta Becomes First E.U. Country to Legalize Marijuana," nytimes.com, Dec. 15, 2021 |
267. | Kristin Wilson, "House Passes Bill to Federally Decriminalize Marijuana," cnn.com, Apr. 1, 2022 |
268. | Joe Biden, twitter.com, Oct. 6, 2022 |
270. | White House, twitter.com, Oct. 6, 2022 |
271. | Ballotpedia, “Arkansas Issue 4, Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2022),” ballotpedia.org (accessed Nov. 9, 2022) |
272. | Ballotpedia, “Maryland Question 4, Marijuana Legalization Amendment (2022),” ballotpedia.org (accessed Nov. 9, 2022) |
272. | Ballotpedia, “Missouri Amendment 3, Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2022),” ballotpedia.org (accessed Nov. 9, 2022) |
273. | Ballotpedia, “North Dakota Statutory Measure 2, Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2022),” ballotpedia.org (accessed Nov. 9, 2022) |
274. | Ballotpedia, “South Dakota Initiated Measure 27, Marijuana Legalization Initiative (2022),” ballotpedia.org (accessed Nov. 9, 2022) |
275. | Riley Griffin, Ike Swetlitz, and Tiffany Kary, "US Health Officials Urge Moving Pot to Lower-Risk Tier," bloomberg.com, Sep. 1, 2023 |